passage 11（2004年）
    many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. theories     21     on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior     22     they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through     23     with others. theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in     24     to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status     25     as a rejection of middle-class values.
    most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,     26     the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. the latter may commit crimes     27     lack of adequate parental control. all theories, however, are tentative and are     28     to criticism.
    changes in the social structure may indirectly     29     juvenile crime rates. for example, changes in the economy that     30     to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment     31     make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. the resulting discontent may in     32     lead more youths into criminal behavior.
    families have also     33     changes these years. more families consist of one parent households or two working parents;     34     , children are likely to have less supervision at home     35     was common in the traditional family     36    . this lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. other     37     causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased     38     of drugs and alcohol, and the growing     39     of child abuse and child neglect. all these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,     40     a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21.[a] acting [b] relying [c] centering [d] commenting
22.[a] before [b] unless [c] until [d] because
23.[a] interactions [b] assimilation [c] cooperation [d] consultation
24.[a] return [b] reply [c] reference [d] response
25.[a] or [b] but rather  [c] but  [d] or else
26.[a] considering [b] ignoring  [c] highlighting  [d] discarding
27.[a] on [b] in  [c] for  [d] with
28.[a] immune [b] resistant  [c] sensitive  [d] subject
29. [a] affect   [b] reduce        [c] check              [d] reflect
30. [a] point   [b] lead        [c] come              [d] amount
31. [a] in general   [b] on average        [c] by contrast         [d] at length
32. [a] case   [b] short        [c] turn              [d] essence
33. [a] survived   [b] noticed        [c] undertaken          [d] experienced
34. [a] contrarily   [b] consequently         [c]similar               [d] simultaneously
35. [a] than   [b] that        [c] which             [d] as
36. [a] system   [b] structure        [c] concept          [d] heritage
37. [a] assessable   [b] identifiable        [c] negligible          [d] incredible
38. [a] expense   [b] restriction        [c] allocation          [d] availability
39. [a] incidence   [b] awareness     [c] exposure          [d] popularity 
40. [a] provided   [b] since        [c] although          [d] supposing

passage 12（2005年）
the human nose is an underrated tool. humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, __1__ this is largely because, __2__ animals, we stand upright. this means that our noses are __3__ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, __4__ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. in fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__ we do not generally realize it. our noses are capable of __7__ human smells even when these are __8__ to far below one part in one million.
strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, __9__ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. this may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate __10__ smell receptors in the nose. these receptors are the cells which sense smells and send __11__ to the brain. however, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell __12__ can suddenly become sensitive to it when __13__ to it often enough.
the explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it __14__ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can __15__ new receptors if necessary. this may __16__ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. we are not __17__ of the usual smell of our own house but we __18__ new smells when we visit someone else’s. the brain finds it best to keep smell receptors __19__ for unfamiliar and emergency signals __20__ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
1. ［a］although ［b］as ［c］but ［d］while
　　2. ［a］above ［b］unlike ［c］excluding ［d］besides
　　3. ［a］limited ［b］committed ［c］dedicated ［d］confined
　　4. ［a］catching ［b］ignoring ［c］missing ［d］tracking
　　5. ［a］anyway ［b］though ［c］instead ［d］therefore
　　6. ［a］even if ［b］if only ［c］only if ［d］as if
　　7. ［a］distinguishing［b］discovering ［c］determining［d］detecting
　　8. ［a］diluted ［b］dissolved ［c］determining［d］diffused
　　9. ［a］when ［b］since ［c］for ［d］whereas
　　10. ［a］unusual ［b］particular ［c］unique ［d］typical
　　11. ［a］signs ［b］stimuli ［c］messages ［d］impulses
　　12. ［a］at first ［b］at all ［c］at large ［d］at times
　　13. ［a］subjected ［b］left ［c］drawn ［d］exposed
　　14. ［a］ineffective ［b］incompetent ［c］inefficient［d］insufficient
　　15. ［a］introduce ［b］summon ［c］trigger ［d］create
　　16. ［a］still ［b］also ［c］otherwise ［d］nevertheless
　　17. ［a］sure ［b］sick ［c］aware ［d］tired
　　18. ［a］tolerate ［b］repel ［c］neglect ［d］notice
　　19. ［a］availabe ［b］reliable［c］identifiable［d］suitable
　　20. ［a］similar to［b］such as ［c］along with ［d］aside from

passage 13（2006年）
the homeless make up a growing percentage of america’s population. __1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly __2__. to help homeless people __3__ independence, the federal government must support job training programs, __4__ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.
__5__ everyone agrees on the numbers of americans who are homeless. estimates __6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is __8__. one of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.
finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__ when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day __13__ the street. part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. and a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. many others, __14__ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives __16__. boston globe reporter chris reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are __17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ edward zlotkowski, director of community service at bentley college in massachusetts, __19__ it, “there has to be __20__ of programs. what we need is a package deal.”
1. [a] indeed    [b] likewise     [c] therefore       [d] furthermore
2. [a] stand     [b] cope        [c] approve         [d] retain
3. [a] in       [b] for          [c] with           [d] toward
4. [a] raise     [b] add         [c] take           [d] keep
5. [a] generally  [b] almost      [c] hardly         [d] not
6. [a] cover     [b] change      [c] range         [d] differ
7. [a] now that  [b] although   [c] provided       [d] except that
8. [a] inflating   [b] expanding    [c] increasing    [d] extending
9. [a] predicts    [b] displays    [c] proves        [d] discovers
10. [a] assist     [b] track       [c] sustain      [d] dismiss
11. [a] hence     [b] but       [c] even        [d] only
12. [a] lodging    [b] shelter    [c] dwelling     [d] house
13. [a] searching   [b] strolling   [c] crowding   [d] wandering
14. [a] when     [b] once     [c] while      [d] whereas
15. [a] life      [b] existence   [c] survival   [d] maintenance
16. [a] around   [b] over       [c] on        [d] up
17. [a] complex  [b] comprehensive  [c] complementary  [d] compensating
18. [a] so      [b] since        [c] as            [d] thus
19. [a] puts    [b] interprets      [c] assumes       [d] makes
20. [a] supervision   [b] manipulation    [c] regulation  [d] coordination