¡¡¡¡text2

¡¡¡¡gross national product (gnp) was created to assess the national capacity of wartime production during world war ¢¢. since then its heir, gross domestic product (gdp), has become virtually synonymous with economic progress. however, some economists have recent argued that gdp was never intended to function as an indicator of societal well-being, and that an overª²reliance on this figure as a comprehensive measure of the country¡¯s ¡°prosperity¡± is both simplistic and misleading.

¡¡¡¡gdp critics assert that as a simple gross record of money spent, gdp does not distinguish between transactions that increase society¡¯s health and those that diminish it. for example, a nationwide increase in heart disease causes money to flow into the medical industry, sending gdp higher in response to a decrease in social welfare. even a downward spiral of societal detriments (harm) can boost gdp, often to the general applause of the economic establishment. take, for example, the consequences of traffic. by itself traffic is a societal menace, yet it both results from and contributes to economic growth. the more traffic, the more gas is consumed, which causes gdp to increase. as traffic increases, so too does pollution, triggering environmental protection responses which also contribute to gdp. increased pollution results in more people admitted to hospitals with respiratory problems such as asthma and bronchitis. meanwhile, the increased traffic takes its toll on the roads, which causes additional damage to cars, resulting in even more money spent on road and car repairs.

¡¡¡¡while one major flaw of gdp is that it equates societal detriments with growth as long as money changes hands, there is another problem with this indicator: the numerous nonª²monetary factors not included in gdp that should be represented by an indicator to reflect the nation¡¯s economic status. for example, while by all accounts childrearing efforts are considered of vital importance to the current and future health of society, they are not factored into gdp unless performed in a paid service capacity. conversely, the widening income gap, increasing debt, and the degradation of natural resources all negatively affect our economic reality, but are not recognized by gdp as costs.

¡¡¡¡in order to arrive at a more accurate picture of economic progress, some have proposed that gdp be replaced by a new measurement called the genuine progress indicator (gpi). gpi is influenced positively by household and volunteer work, and negatively by factors such as pollution, crime, illness and family breakdown. gdp not only ignores the costs of such detriments, it ultimately represents them as gains in the form of money spent on measures to coMBAt them. taking such variables into account, it is not surprising that gpi often tells a different story than does gdp. for example, in cases where gdp numbers have suggested a robust and growing economy, gpi figures from the same periods have often indicated dramatic decreases in social and environmental capital.

¡¡¡¡26. the text commences with the claim that gdp is

¡¡¡¡£Ûa£Ý the upgraded variety of gnp.

¡¡¡¡£Ûb£Ý the direct descendant of gnp.

¡¡¡¡£Ûc£Ý the true indicator of economic growth.

¡¡¡¡£Ûd£Ý the sound judgment of national economy.

¡¡¡¡27. according to the critics, gdp9OW9vu+E+TZEKGc4 [´Ë×ÊÁÏתÌùÓÚѧϰÍø¿¼ÑÐÒ»·½¿¼ÑÐÓ¢Óï ]http://www.Gzu521.Com9OW9vu+E+TZEKGc4

¡¡¡¡£Ûa£Ý presents false prosperity.£Ûb£Ý consists of unreal statistics.

¡¡¡¡£Ûc£Ý comprises fabricated information.£Ûd£Ý fails to describe economic reality.

¡¡¡¡28. the phrase ¡°takes its toll on¡± (at the end of par. 2) probably means

¡¡¡¡£Ûa£Ý makes vehicles overfilled on.£Ûb£Ý meets payment for the use of.

¡¡¡¡£Ûc£Ý generates greater revenue for.£Ûd£Ý results in a lot of damage.

¡¡¡¡29. the text is written primarily to

¡¡¡¡£Ûa£Ý profile a group critical of an economic statistic.

¡¡¡¡£Ûb£Ý analyze statistics to decide the economic health.

¡¡¡¡£Ûc£Ý describe an alternative to an economic indicator.

¡¡¡¡£Ûd£Ý present and evaluate economic trends since 1945.

¡¡¡¡30. the author mentions gdp and gpi figures in support of the claim that

¡¡¡¡£Ûa£Ý gpi is influenced positively by volunteer work.

¡¡¡¡£Ûb£Ý gdp comprises a general record of money spent.

¡¡¡¡£Ûc£Ý gpi is the most reasonable modification of gdp.

¡¡¡¡£Ûd£Ý gdp is inferior to gpi in depicting economic reality.

¡¡¡¡text3

¡¡¡¡we sometimes hear that essays are an old-fashioned form ,that so-and-o is the¡°last essayist¡±, but the facts of the marketplace argue quite otherwise. essays of nearly any kind are so much easier than short stories for a writer to sell, so many more see print, it¡¯s strange that though two fine anthologies(collections)remain that publish the year¡¯s best stories, no comparable collection exists for essays. such changes in the reading public¡¯s taste aren¡¯t always to the good, needless to say. the art of telling stories predated even cave painting, surely; and if we ever find ourselves living in caves again, it(with painting and drumming)will be the only art left, after movies, novels, photography, essays, biography, and all the rest have gone down the drain¡ªthe art to build from.

¡¡¡¡essays, however, hang somewhere on a line between two sturdy poles: this is what i think, and this is what i am .autobiographies which aren¡¯t novels are generally extended essays, indeed. a personal essay is like the human voice talking, its order being the mind¡¯s natural flow, instead of a systematized outline of ideas. though more changeable or informal than an article or treatise, somewhere it contains a point which is its real center, even if the point couldn¡¯t be uttered in fewer words than the essayist has used. essays don¡¯t usually boil down to a summary, as articles do, and the style of the writer has a ¡°nap¡± to it, a combination of personality and originality and energetic loose ends that stand up like the nap(ÈÞë)on a piece of wool and can¡¯t be brushed flat. essays belong to the animal kingdom, with a surface that generates sparks, like a coat of fur, compared with the flat, conventional cotton of the magazine article writer, who works in the vegetable kingdom, i nstead. but, essays, on the other hand, may have fewer ¡°levels¡± than fiction, because we are not supposed to argue much about their meaning. in the old distinction between teaching and storytelling, the essayist, however cleverly he tries to conceal his intentions, is a bit of a teacher or reformer, and an essay is intended to convey the same point to each of us.

¡¡¡¡an essayist doesn¡¯t have to tell the whole truth and nothing but the truth; he can shape or shave his memories, as long as the purpose is served of explaining a truthful point. a personal essay frequently is not autobiographical at all, but what it does keep in common with autobiography is that, through its tone and tumbling progression, it conveys the quality of the author¡¯s mind. nothing gets in the way. because essays are directly concerned with the mind and the mind¡¯s peculiarity, the very freedom the mind possesses is conferred on this branch of literature that does honor to it, and the fascination of the mind is the fascination of the essay.

¡¡¡¡31. the author asserts that the changes in readers¡¯taste

¡¡¡¡£Ûa£Ý contribute to the incompatibility of essays with stories.

¡¡¡¡£Ûb£Ý often result in unfavorable effect, to say the least.

¡¡¡¡£Ûc£Ý sometimes come to something undesirable, of course.

¡¡¡¡£Ûd£Ý usually bring about beneficial outcome, so to say.

¡¡¡¡32. the author suggests that if the stone age should come up again

¡¡¡¡£Ûa£Ý the art of essay-writing would lose its foundation.

¡¡¡¡£Ûb£Ý the art and literature would most totally vanish.

¡¡¡¡£Ûc£Ý the art of story-telling would remain in caves alone.

¡¡¡¡£Ûd£Ý the life of art would be thoroughly drained away.

¡¡¡¡33. essays are characterized by all of the following except

¡¡¡¡£Ûa£Ý careful arrangement and organization of chief ideas.

¡¡¡¡£Ûb£Ý remarkable concision and meaningful presentation.

¡¡¡¡£Ûc£Ý improbable condensation to any shorter accounts.

¡¡¡¡£Ûd£Ý flashes of wit and enlightenment of argumentation.

¡¡¡¡34. what chiefly distinguishes essays from articles may be in

¡¡¡¡£Ûa£Ý the different amount of words used in representation.

¡¡¡¡£Ûb£Ý the acute sensibility and keen insight of essayists.

¡¡¡¡£Ûc£Ý the distinction between animal and vegetable worlds.

¡¡¡¡£Ûd£Ý the variation of arguments about their meanings.

¡¡¡¡35. the essayists¡¯main task seems to be NvO'p5@mtFXh]('%%[ ±¾_×Ê_ÁÏ_À´_Ô´_ÓÚ_¹ó_ÖÝ_ѧ_Ï°_Íø ¿¼ÑÐÒ»·½¿¼ÑÐÓ¢Óï Http://wwW.gzU521.coM )NvO'p5@mtFXh]('%%

¡¡¡¡£Ûa£Ý the implied revelation and description of the truth.

¡¡¡¡£Ûb£Ý the free depiction and modification of their memories.

¡¡¡¡£Ûc£Ý the frank confession of what is concealed in their mind.

¡¡¡¡£Ûd£Ý the communication of their striking thoughts to readers.