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section ⅰ use of english read the following text. choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark a， b， c or d on answer sheet 1. （10 points） ~e=AHOZu,G0\\*LW x [ 本 资 料 来 源 于 贵 州 学 习 网 考研一方考研英语 http://Www.gzU521.com ] ~e=AHOZu,G0\\*LW x scientists and philosophers of science tend to speak as if “scientific language” were intrinsically precise， as if those who use it must understand one another’s meaning， 1 they disaGREe. but， 2， scientific language is not as different from3language as is commonly believed； it， too， is 4 to imprecision and ambiguity and hence to 5 understanding. moreover， new theories （or arguments） are rarely，6， constructed by way of clear-cut steps of induction， deduction， and 7 （or falsification）。 neither are they defended， rejected， or accepted in 8 straight forward a manner. 9， scientists combine the rules of scientific 10 with a generous mixture of intuition， aesthetics， and philosophical 11. the importance of what are sometimes called extralogical components of thought in the discovery of a new principle or laws is generally 12. we 13 recall einstein’s description： “to these elementary laws there leads no logical path， 14 intuition， supported by being sympathetically in 15 with experience.” but the role of these extralogical components in persuasion and acceptance （in making an argument 16） is less frequently discussed， partly BECause they are less 17. the ways in which the credibility or effectiveness of a 18 depends on a realm of common experiences， on extensive practice in communicating those experiences in a common language， are hard to see precisely because such19are taken for granted. only when we step out of such a “consensual domain”—when we can stand out on the periphery of a 20 with a common language. 1［a］ even if ［b］ unless ［c］ though ［d］ if 2［a］ in question ［b］ in relief ［c］ in fact ［d］ in prospect 3［a］ standard ［b］ popular ［c］ vulgar ［d］ ordinary 4［a］ susceptible ［b］ subject ［c］ immune ［d］ related 5［a］ imperfect ［b］ perfect ［c］ impersonal ［d］ personal 6［a］ if so［b］ if not all［c］ if ever［d］ if any 7［a］ verge［b］ verification［c］ justice［d］ certainty 8［a］ so［b］ such［c］ too［d］ very 9［a］ in brief［b］ in advance［c］ in practice［d］ in company 10［a］ psychology［b］ methodology［c］ archaeology［d］ theology 11［a］ community［b］ communication［c］ committee［d］ commitment 12［a］ acknowledged［b］ confessed［c］ abandoned［d］ refined 13［a］ may［b］ ought to［c］ were to［d］ would 14［a］ but rather［b］ no more than［c］ but only［d］ less more than 15［a］ pursuit［b］ touch［c］ proportion［d］ terms 16［a］ convincing［b］ wordy［c］ ensured［d］ unreasonable 17［a］ visual［b］ informed［c］ imaginative［d］ visible 18［a］ statement［b］ argument［c］ assertion［d］ styleXq0, a5?& C5 w}N[ 此文转贴于我的学习网考研一方考研英语 http://www.Gzu521.com]Xq0, a5?& C5 w}N 19［a］ commodities［b］ commons［c］ commonalities［d］ commonwealth 20［a］ community［b］ person［c］ country［d］ nation section ⅱ reading comprehension part a directions： read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a， b， c or d. mark your answers on anwer sheet 1. （40 points） text 1 the food and drug administration said wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the u.s. food supply. the focus of the fda investigation is pigs raised by researchers at the university of illinois in urbana champaign. they engineered the animals with two genes： one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow. the other， a synthetic gene， makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. the goal was to raise bigger pigs faster. there has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness， but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. university officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes， but fda rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they don’t get into the food supply. both the fda and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. but the investigation follows action by the u.s. department of agriculture in december to fine a texas company that contaminated 500，000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs. critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning area of scientific research. “this is a small incident， but it’s incident like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence， ”says stephanie childs of the grocery manufacturers of america. “we already have europe shaky on biotech. the countries to whom we export are going to look at this.” the university of illinois says it tested the dna of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn’t inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. those piglets that did were put back into the study. those that didn’t were sold to the pig broker. “any pig who’s tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market， ”says charles zukoski， vice chancellor for research. but fda deputy commissioner lester crawford says that under the terms of the university’s agreement with the fda， the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without fda approval. “the university of illinois failed to check with fda to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. and they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.” the fda is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug. 21. the 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ［a］ europe［b］ an american research organization ［c］ a meat processing plant［d］ an animal farm 22. the purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to ［a］ get pigs of larger size in a shorter time ［b］ make sows produce more milk ［c］ make cows produce more milk ［d］ make pigs grow more lean meat 23. the 4th paragraph shows that the university of illinois ［a］ was criticized by the fda ［b］ is in great trouble ［c］ is required by the fda to call back the sold piglets ［d］ may have to pay the penalty 24. the fda declares that the wrongfully sold piglets ［a］ may have side effects on consumers ［b］ may be harmful to consumers3)O ` �g. a_ =~EU[本_文_来_源_于_我_的_学_习_网考研一方考研英语 http://Www.GZU521.Com ]3)O ` �g. a_ =~EU ［c］ are safe to consumers［d］ may cause human illness 25. it can be inferred from this passage that ［a］ all the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering ［b］ part of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering ［c］ none of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering ［d］ half of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering text 2 foods are overwhelmingly the most advertised group of all consumer products in the united states. food products lead in expenditures for network and spot television advertisements， discount coupons， trading stamps， contests， and other forms of premium advertising. in other media—newspapers， magazines， newspaper supplements， billboards， and radio—food advertising expenditures rank near the top. food manufacturers spend more on advertising than any other manufacturing group， and the nation’s grocery stores rank first among all retailers. through the 1970’s， highly processed foods have accounted for the bulk of total advertising. almost all coupons， electronic advertising， national printed media advertising， consumer premiums （other than trading stamps） as well as most push promotion come from processed and packaged food products. in 1978， breakfast cereals， soft drinks， candy and other desserts， oils and salad dressings， coffee， and prepared foods accounted for only an estimated 20 percent of the consumer food dollar. yet these items accounted for about one half of all media advertising. when measured against total food-at-home expenditures， total measured food advertising accounts for between 3 and 3.7 cents out of every dollar spent on food in the nation’s grocery stores. a little less than one cent of these amounts is accounted for by electronic advertising （mostly television） while incentives account for 0.6 cents. the printed media accounts for 0.5 cents and about one-third of one cent is comprised of discount coupon redemptions. the estimate for the cost of push promotion ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 cents. this range is necessary because of the difficulty in separating non-promotional aspects of direct selling-transportation， technical， and other related services. against this gross consumer must be weighed the joint products or services provided by advertising. in the case of electronic advertising， the consumer who views commercial television receives entertainment， while readers of magazines and newspapers receive reduced prices on these publications. the consumer pays directly for some premiums， but also receives nonfood merchandise as an incentive to purchase the product. the “benefits” must， therefore， be subtracted form the gross cost to the consumer to fully assess the net cost of advertising. also significant are the impacts of advertising on food demand， nutrition， and competition among food manufactures. the bulk of manufacturers’ advertising is concentrated on a small portion of consumer food products. has advertising changed the consumption of these highly processed products relative to more perishable foods such as meats， produce， and dairy products？ has the nutritional content of the u.s. food consumption been influenced by food advertisings？ has competition among manufacturers and retailers been enhance or weakened by advertising？ these are important questions and warrant continued research. 26. the author’s attitude toward advertising can be characterized as [a] admiring [b] condemning [c] uncertain [d] inquisitive 27. the term “push promotion”（l. 3， p. 2） means. [a] coupon redemption [b] retail advertising [c] direct selling [d] advertising in trade journals 28. the author implies that advertising costs. [a] should be discounted by the benefits of advertising to the consumer [b] are greater for restaurants than for at home foods [c] are much higher in the united stated than any where else in the world [d] cause highly processed foods to outsell unprocessed outsell foods 29. the purpose of the article is to [a] warm about rising food advertising costs [b] describe the costs of food advertising and the issues yet to be understood about its effects [c] congratulate the food industry on its effective advertising [d] calculate the final balance sheet for food advertising 30. according to the passage， all of the following are definitely false except [b] less money is spent advertising food than automobiles [c] more of the food advertising budget is probably spent on push promotion than on television ads(vI&"1Sum 8{9DLQ"e [此资料转贴于学习网考研一方考研英语 ]http://www.Gzu521.Com(vI&"1Sum 8{9DLQ"e [d] less money is spent on food store advertising than on clothing store ads  |
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