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(三)倒装结构 1.倒装句的种类 倒装语序有两类：全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装指谓语部分全部提到主语之前,部分倒装指谓语的一部分提到主语之前。全部倒装语序常出现在下列情况中： (1)为避免句子部分内容重复，英语中常用倒装句，即：so(neither，nor)+ be动词(助动词，情态动词)+ 主语。 例1：just as the soil is a part of the earth, _____ the atmosphere.(1995) ［a］ as it is［b］ the same is［c］ so is［d］ and so is 答案为［c］。just as ... so为固定搭配，意为“正如…一样，也…”。so后面的句子要求完全倒装。 例2：they have all got up, and _____. (1985) ［a］ jack has too［b］ so has jack［c］ jack hasn’t［d］ also has jack 答案为［b］。如表示赞同别人的陈述，so后面的部分不倒装，如：tom is a good student. so he is，and so is dick.前半句so he is表示后者赞同前者的观点，认为tom是个好学生，后半句and so is dick中so后面部分倒装，表示dick也是个好学生。 (2)当there，here，then，now等副词置于句首，且谓语动词为come，go，be等词时，句子一般全部倒装。此类倒装句旨在引起别人注意，如果主语是代词，则句子不倒装。例如： look! here comes the bus. look! here he comes. (3)当out，in，away，up，into，bang等方位词和拟声词置于句首时，句子一般全部倒装。此类倒装句比正常语序的句子更生动、形象。但若主语是代词，则句子不倒装。例如： away flew the bird. out she went. into this category fall many of the lies told within the walls of government. (4)省略whether的让步状语从句，常用be +主语+其他。例如： the business of each day, selling goods or shipping them, _____ went quite smoothly. (1992) ［a］ it being［b］ be it［c］ was it［d］ it was 答案为［b］。 2.部分倒装的构成条件 (1)具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时，句子一般要部分倒装，即将系动词、助动词或情态动词提到主语前。这类词或短语包括：not，never，seldom，hardly，rarely，scarcely，by no means，under no circumstance，in no way，at no time，no sooner ... than，hardly...when，not only ... but also...，in no sense，on no account，at no point，little，nowhere，barely，scarcely ... when/before，not until，in vain，still less等。例如： _____ to speak when the audience interrupted him. (1991) ［a］ hardly had he begun［b］ no sooner had he begun［c］ not until he began［d］ scarcely did he begin 答案为［a］。hardly ... when为固定搭配，hardly置于句首，要求部分倒装。scarcely ... when也是固定搭配，但［d］ 的时态不正确。 (2)as引导的让步状语从句常用倒装。一般将一些形容词、副词等置于句首。例如： outstanding as she is in her field, she remains easygoing. (3)当so，often，only等表示程度或频率的副词置于句首时，句子一般部分倒装。例如： so involved with their computers _____ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. (2001) ［a］ BECame the children［b］ become the children［c］ had the children become［d］ do the children become 答案为［d］。由于so involved位于句首，句子采用倒装形式。因为句子的时态是一般现在时，所以要借助于助动词do来构成倒装。把这句话改成正常语序是：the children become so involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. (孩子们对他们的电脑如此着迷，以至于电脑夏令营的领导不得不经常强迫他们停下来，做些体育运动和游戏。) (4)省略if的非真实条件从句中，助动词、情态动词要提前。例如： _____ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is. (1998) ［a］ had it not been［b］ were it not［c］ be it not［d］ should it not 答案为［a］。if 省略，助动词提前，从句表达与过去事实相反的虚拟情况。 (四)平行结构 由not only ... but also，would rather... than...，would sooner... than...，more... than...，rather than(而不是)，and，or连接的成分要求在语法形式上保持平行一致。例如： 例1：it is better to die on one’s feet than _____. (1991) ［a］ living on ones knees［b］ live on ones knees［c］ on one’s knees［d］ to live on one’s knees 答案为［d］。to die on one’s feet与to live on one’s knees在语法形式上保持一致。 例2：we are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style _____ in a personal style. (1995) ［a］ rather than［b］ other than［c］ better than［d］ less than 答案为［a］。根据句意及in a formal style与in a personal style成分一致的线索，可断定本句是想表达“应该…，而不应该…”，故只有［a］ 正确。other than表示“除了…”，常用于否定句。句意：商务书信必须用正式文体而不是个人文体来写。 |
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