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passage 4 having said all of this, i should, perhaps, locate myself. i teach and write about a loose and baggy territory called las americas, the americas, and most often about the part of that category referred to as latin america. this latter space includes nations, of course, but the demarcation is far more flexible because of its plural referent. the writers who inhabit this territory possess dual citizenship, for they are self-avowed "latin american" writers at the same time that they are also mexican, argentine, peruvian, or cuban. in fact, they arc often engaged deeply in describing their own national cultures and are far from ready to throw out the baby with the globalizing bathwater. mexico is a particularly interesting case of the use of nation as a defense against the leveling pressures of globalization ?nbsp;a nationalism of resistance, in wallerstein’s terms, rather than a nationalism of domination. for example, the much debated nafta, the north american free trade agreement 梠r the tlc, tratado de libre comercio 梠pened mexico’s borders to american commercial onslaughts in the early 1990s, but in cultural matters, the treaty encodes a very different attitude. the free trade agreement contains an annex that provides special protection to mexico’s cultural industries. some of its provisions are as follows: 1) the use of the spanish language is required for the broadcast, cable or multipoint distribution system of radio and television, except when the secretaria de gobemacion authorizes the use of another language; 2) a majority of the time of each day’s live broadcast programs must feature mexican nationals; 3) the use of die spanish language or spanish subtitles is required for advertising that is broadcast or otherwise distributed in the territory of mexico; and 4) thirty percent of screen time of every theatre, assessed on an annual basis, may be reserved for films produced by mexican persons either within or outside the territory of mexico. i should also like to mention that it was canada that insisted on cultural industry protection clauses in the north american free trade agreement originally and the canadian government achieved partial success, at best. in comparison, protections of cultural industries are common throughout the european union: france passed recently legislation requiring that french radio stations devote forty percent of airtime to french music, and spain also passed a law requiring that one-fourth to one-third of all movies shown in spanish theaters to be of spanish origin, england has long protected its movie industry: the great film director michael powell got his start, as did other british directors during the 1930s, making what were called quota quickies. so, even as i suggest that comparatists may want to review our nationalist institutional and disciplinary structures in the light of global mobilities, nations continue to protect their cultures against those same forces. questions: 59. the phrase "plural referent" in line 4 refers to . a. the nations b. the writers c. the americas d. the cultures 60. the phrase " throwing out the baby with the bathwater" probably means . a. embracing the globalizing force b. discarding whatever is contaminated by globalization c. taking advantage of globalization to foster national cultures d. no discrimination should be made between national and international cultures 61. it can be inferred from the passage mat mexico is a country that . a. rejects foreign cultures b. is afraid of foreign culture c. protects national culture d. protects national commerce 62. cultural industries include . a. radio and televison b. newspapers and magazines c. movies and music d. all of them 63. the provisions contained in the annex to the free trade agreement seem to focus on a. language b. territory c. culture d. citizenship 64. which of me following statements is not true? a. latin american countries protect their national industries. b. north american countries protect their national industries. c. european countries protect their national industries. d. western superpowers are not afraid of being globalized. passage 5 once the presence of these characteristics has been recognized, most discussions of globalization move directly to comparative cultural -questions. anthropologists, economists, ecologists, and political scientists all become cultural comparatists, weighing cultural differences against what is generally considered to be the inevitable function of globalization: the leveling of cultural difference. this comparative quotient runs inexorably, it seems, through discussions of globalization, and it should interest us as a profession, since our own most basic disciplinary methods are, of course, designed to recognize and interpret difference. i dunk of my own work in comparative american cultures, for example, as moving along spectrum between assumptions of basic cultural difference on the one hand and literary examples of shared attitudes and expressive structures on the other. i took for common contexts in order to ground my comparisons, but it is the differences that will matter most to my analysis. so, a mirror image begins to emerge, whereas the literary comparatist may be said to value significant differences and to study literature for what we may learn from those differences, me processes of globalization would seem to work in ways that are something like the reverse 梩oward a leveling of significant difference in favor of insignificant sameness. but this comparison, too, will need to be complicated, for homogeneity and heterogeneity are not necessarily antithetical, and in ’fact may operate in dialectical relationship. consider, for example, my third characteristic of globalization梪nprecedented levels of immigration 梐 circumstance mat suggests the following paradox: the processes of globalization may homogenize tastes and habits by means of new information technologies and global markets, but at the same time they may also generate configurations of striking difference, as immigrants occupy new cultural and linguistic spaces. nowhere is this more true than in the u. s., where we are experiencing the greatest migratory influx of our history. certain regions of the country are more illustrative of this than others, of course, but let me say simply that my classes at the university of houston are far more diverse culturally, linguistically, and ethnically than they were ten years ago 梐 comparative cultural opportunity that i feel, frankly, i have not yet fully engaged in my own teaching and that our curricular and departmental structures have not yet fully responded to, either. questions: 65. the author implies that the inevitable function of globalization is . a. maintenance of differences b. reduction of differences c. promotion of cooperation d. exaltation of competition 66. according to the passage, the main objective of comparison is to . a. identify common features b. encourage competition c. recognize differences d. both a and c 67. the profession of the author of this passage is most likely that of a . a. comparatist b. anthropologist c. ecologist d. political scientist 68. the word "paradox" in line 19 probably means . a. contradiction b. identification c. supplementation d. seemingly contradictory 69. immigration brings__ to the destination country. a. wealth b. diversity c. disorder d. disagreement 70. what relates globalization to cultural comparison is the fact that _. a. globalization generates more discussions b. globalization arouses more disputes over cultural matters c. globalization both homogenize and heterogenize d. the author is equally interested in both part iv (30’) division a: in this part, you are required to complete 20 sentences. each sentence wants one word only. you must choose the needed word from the provisions below. you do not need to change the form of the chosen word. but the word you choose must fit into the sentence in both meaning and grammar. for each correct completion, you will get one point. (20%) existentialism realms particular structure prophecies primacy discredit tinged mediation poetry demeaned forms value diachronic antithesis quantitative methodology that obtaining temporal 71. the formalists argued at the beginning for a strict separation of form and content and made repeated efforts to ____ the latter as a proper object of literary study by concentrating exclusively on the former. 72. it’s not so much ______ they love the possibility of doing or not doing something as it is the possibility of speaking with words, agreed on among themselves, about various topics. 73. the so-called formal method grew out of a struggle for a science of literature that would be both independent and factual; it is not the outgrowth of a particular _______ . 74. what i am interested in doing now is suggesting how the general liberal consensus that "true" knowledge is fundamentally non-political obscures the highly if obscurely organized political circumstances _______when knowledge is produced. 75. my point here is that "russia" as a general subject matter has political priority over nicer distinctions such as "economics" and "literary history," because political society in gramsci’s sense reaches into such _______of civil society as the academy and saturates them with significance of direct concern to it. 76. to say this may seem quite different from saying that all academic knowledge about india and egypt is somehow _______ and impressed with, violated by, the gross political fact ?nbsp;and yet that is what i am saying in this study of orientalism.   |
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