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section ⅱ reading comprehension part a directions: read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1.（40 points）来源：www.gzu521.com text 1 a report on a new software that enables eyes to do the typing appears in wednesday's edition of the journal nature. replacing a keyboard or mouse, eye-scanning cameras mounted on computers have BECome necessary tools for people without limbs or those affected with paralysis. the camera tracks the movement of the eye, allowing users to "type" on a virtual keyboard as they look at the screen. and now, researchers from the cavendish laboratory at cambridge university say they have developed software that replaces the standard qwerty keyboard layout with one that is nearly twice as efficient, more accurate and easier on the eyes. called dasher, the prototype program taps into the natural gaze of the eye and makes predictable words and phrases simpler to write. any off-the-shelf camera capable of scanning eye movement can be used with dasher, though the person must sit fairly still during the interaction. the letters of the alphabet appear in a single column on the right of the screen, with an underscore symbol to represent a space. each letter is framed by a colored box. as the user looks at a particular letter on the right side of the screen and drags it to the left with their eyes, another sub-alphabet column begins to emerge inside the box on the right-hand side, along with more letters framed in colored boxes. dasher is designed to anticipate which letter will be needed, so although the successive sub-alphabet columns are initially very small, the letters or combination of letters that simultaneously appear are most likely to be used next in that sequence. for example, if a person starts with the letter "h," the language models in dasher will bring up "a," "e," "i," "o" and "u" in the sub-alphabet box, along with a few other possible combinations like "ello" to form the word "hello." each box has a complete alphabet within it, though the first letters to appear have the highest probability of usage. the letters are then placed together to form a sentence on the left side of the screen. researchers say people will be able to write up to 25 words per minute with dasher compared to on-screen keyboards, which they say average about 15 words per minute. with a bit of practice, mackay said, dasher offers an easier and more satisfying way for disabled people to communicate, providing them with better tools to write e-mail or create word processor files. mackay said dasher could work in most languages. 21."paralysis"（paragraph 1, line 3） probably means . a. short-sightedness b. allergy c. inability to move d. color-blindness 22. with the new software dasher, people can type with their eyes through . a. a computer screen with eye-scanning sensors b. an eye-scanning camera on computer c. a colored box attached to the computer d. a regular keyboard with sensors 23. the new method of typing will most benefit those people who . a. have reading difficulties b. are physically handicapped c. are visually incompetent d. do not have a big vocabulary 24. the software dasher . a. is able to predict the next sequence of words the user is going to write b. does not allow the user to move a lot during the interaction c. has to be used with eye-scanning cameras specially designed for the software d. can form coherent sentences based on the first word typed by the user 25. people will be able to write as many as words per minute with dasher. a. 15 b.20 c.25 d. 30 text 2 opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the supreme court's ruling monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most selective colleges and universities. but some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the department of education's Office of civil rights to investigate questionable policies. "we're talking about admissions programs, scholarships, any program…only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different," says linda chavez, founder and president of the center for equal opportunity, a conservative non-profit group. others say they'll take their case to voters. "we have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box," says university of california regent ward connerly, who helped win voter approval of california's proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. because of that law, monday's ruling had no practical impact in the state. "it may be time for us to…let the （michigan） voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions," connerly said. meanwhile, u.s. education secretary rod paige, consistent with president bush's stance opposing affirmative action, said the department of education will "continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions". even supreme court justice sandra day o'connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in california and elsewhere. while the ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. "ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate," says arthur coleman, a former department of education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies. the public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. according to a january poll by the non-profit research organization public agenda, 79% of americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. in a gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. and some educators doubt that with monday's ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds. for now, admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. while most tend to be closed-mouthed about admissions policies, many say they don't expect significant changes. 26. it can be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to . a. discourage the practice of racial discrimination in college admissions b. adapt the supreme court's ruling to college situations c. formulate the right policies for college admissions d. ensure race-neutral programs are set up in college and universities 27.what the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that . a. no admission policies based on race should be implemented b. minority applicants should be given favorable considerations c. different standards for admitting minority students should be set up d. selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discriminatory policies 28.connerly insists that the court's ruling should . a. win approval from californian voters before it is put in effect b. be contested by the michigan voters with an opinion poll c. be applied in some states before it is extended to other states d. produce the intended practical effect before it is widely accepted 29.what is the attitude of the department of education towards affirmative action? a. neutrality b.objection c. approval d. indifference 30.which of the following is true about affirmative action according to the text? a. a vast majority of people support it. b. the minorities claim it to be a discriminatory policy. c.the minority students are more likely to welcome it. d. the court's decision will certainly change people's attitude to it.   |
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