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how to account for these national differences? look no further than psychology.according to michael lynn, the cornell paper's co-author, countries in which people are moreextrovert, sociable or neurotic tend to tip more. tipping relieves anxiety about being served bystrangers: and, says' mr lynn, "in america, where people are outgoing and expressive, tippingis about social approval. if you tip badly, people think less of you. tipping well is a chance toshow off." icelanders, by contrast, do not usually tip - a measure of their introversion and lackof neuroses, no doubt. while such explanations may be crude, the hard truth seems to be that tipping does notwork. it does not benefit the customer. nor, in the case of restaurants, does it actuallyincentivise the waiter, or help the restaurant manager to monitor and assess his staff. the cry ofstingy tippers that service people should "just be paid a decent wage" may actually makeeconomic sense. 36. from the text we learn that americans [a] are willing to give tips because they love the practice. [b] like to givetips to service people to help them financially. [c] are reluctant to give tips, but they still do so. [d] are giving less and less tips. 37. according to paragraph 3, we learn that [a] tips are voluntary in america. [b] people don't tip in europe. [c] tipping is rare in many asian countries. [d] tipping is now popular in iceland. 38. according to michael lynn, [a] nervous people do not usually tip. [b] a merican people are anxious. [c] icelanders don't like to show off. [d] people will ignore you if you tip bakly. 39. the text indicates that in america [a] customers tip 8% to 37% of the meal price if a meal was "excellent". [b] a waiter can abuse a customer if he fails to tip 15%. [c] the amount of tipping is standardized with different services. [d] the man who carry groceries for you can expect to get 15-20%. 40. according to the text, the author believes that in america [a] the better the service, the bigger the tip. [bi tips can reward the effort of good service. [c] tips can reduce feelings of inequality. [d] tips cannot prompt better service. part b (20%) slation shoum be written clearly on answer sheet 2 (主观答题纸). (41) there are plenty of grim statistics about childhood in the third world. showing thatthe journey for survival is long and hard. but in the rich world, children can suffer from adifferent kind of poverty - of the spirit. for instance, one western country alone now sees 14,000 attempted suicides every year by children under 15, and one child in five needsprofessional psychiatric counselling. there are many good things about childhood in the third world. take the close andconstant contact between children and their parents, relatives and neighbours. in the west, the very nature of work puts distance between adults and children. (42) but itl most third world villages mother and father do not go miles away each day to do abstract work in offices, shuffling paper to make money mysteriously appear in banks. instead. the child sees mother an(t father, relations and neighbours working nearby, and often shares in that work. a child growing up in this way learns his or her role through participating in the community's work: helping to dig or build, plant or water, tend to animals or look after babies - rather than through playing with water and sand in kindergarten, building with construction toys, keeping pets or playing with dolls. (43) these children may grow up with a less oppressive limitation of space and time than their western counterparts. set days and times are few and self-explanatory, determined mostly by the rhythm of the seasons and the different jobs they bring. (44) a child in the rich world, on the other hand. is provided with a wrist-watch as one of the earliest symbols of ~owing up. so that he or she can worry, along with their parents about being late for school times, meal times clinic times, bed times, the times of tv shows..;   |
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