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在考研短文写作中,一定要注意句式的正确性和句型的变化性,即文章中不仅仅有简单句,也应该有结构复杂的句子。长短句交替会使文章增色不少。但应尽量避免使用结构过于复杂的句子和生硬、不贴切的词汇,还应避免中文式英语。另外还有如平行结构的使用等等。句子在语法形式上的错误主要表现在以下几个方面: 1、汉语式句子 汉语式句子就是完全按照汉语的思维模式而造出来的句子,他们经常出现在学生的习作里。比如:有的学生把"好好学习,天天向上"表达成good good study,day day up .有的学生把"如果你敢唬我,我就给你两下子"表述成if you dare tiger me ,iwill give you two down son .尽管这两个例子有点极端,但它们表明汉语式句子是作文中一个普遍存在的现象。 例1误:my english spoken is not good. 正:i am not good at spoken english. or :my spoken english is not good. 2、主谓不一致 造句时要遵循的一个最基本的原则就是主谓一致原则。 例1误:one of these houses need repairing. 正:one of these houses needs repairing. 分析:这属于主谓一致方面的错误用法。one of +名词的复数形式,谓语应用单数。 3、平行结构误用 平行结构要求:同等重要的、并列的句子成分(思想或概念)要用同类的语法形式来表示,要用并列连词连接。在使用并列连词如and ,but ,or ,neither…nor, either…..or, not only….but also, both…and等时,所连接的应该是名词对名词,副词对副词,分词对分词,不定式对不定式,动词对动词,句子对句子,而不能把其中一个概念用分词结构表达,另外两个概念用不定式或从句来表达等。 (1)名词(短语)平行结构 例1误:the speaker called attention to the beginning and how it ended. 正:the speaker called attention to the beginning and end of the movement (2)形容词平行结构 例1误:he was sympathetic,tolerant,and people respected him. 正:he was sympathetic,tolerant,and respected by people. (3)分词平行结构 例1误:the boys were running,shouting and to laugh. 正:the boys were running,shouting and laughing. (4)动名词平行结构 例1误:jane prefers singing to dance. 正:jane prefers singing to dancing. (5)动词不定式平行结构 例1误:to know what is good and doing what is right is not the same thing 正:to know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing (6)副词平行结构 例1误:the work is handsome and skillfully done. 正:the work is handsomely and skillfully done. (7)短语平行结构 例1误:studies serve for delight ,for ornament ,and being able 正:studies serve for delight ,for ornament ,and for ability 4、破句 破句又称为:"片语",也是写作中经常出现的错误之一/简单地说,破句就是断句,它在语义上是不完整的、在语法上是不正确的。 例1误:i spent almost three hours on the phone yesterday,trying to find a garage to repair my car . 正:i spent almost three hours on the phone yesterday,trying to find a garage to repair my car . 5、悬垂修饰语 修饰语必须非常明确地修饰句子中的某一个词或某一组词。悬垂修饰是指修饰语与其逻辑主语之间产生意义上的矛盾,或者在句子初看好像修饰某个词语,但实际上什么也没有修饰,使修饰语处于悬浮状态,无处着落。非谓语动词或介词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。如果句子主语不能充当其逻辑主语,就得另加上逻辑主语,否则该非谓语动词或介词短语便是悬垂结构了。 例3误:my term paper was finished sfter sitting up half the night. 正:after sitting up half the night , ifinished my term paper./ |
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