Á·Ï°8£º

a biological clock

¡¡¡Pevery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. the biological clock tells __1__ when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. it tells __2__ when to leave the protective cocoon and fly away, and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.
¡¡¡¡events outside the plant and animal __3__ the actions of some biological clocks. scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur __4__ the number of hours of daylight. in the short __5__ of winter, its fur becomes white. the fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.
¡¡¡¡inner signals control other biological clocks. german scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration __6__ twice each year. birds __7__ from flying become restless when it is time for the trip, __8__ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.
¡¡¡¡scientists say they are beginning to learn which __9__ of the brain contain biological clocks. an american researcher, martin moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain __10__ to control the timing of some of our actions. these __11__ tell a person when to __12__, when to sleep and when to seek food. scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.
¡¡¡¡dr. moorhead is studying __13__ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. for example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours. __14__ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. dr. moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. he said __15__ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory¡¯s production.

1. a) scientists b) humans c) plants d) animals
2. a) insects b) birds c) fish d) snakes
3. a) effect b) affect c) effected d) affected
4. a) because b) for the reason that c) because of d) since
5. a) months b) days c) minutes d) weeks
6. a) flight b) fly c) movement d) transportation
7. a) prevented from b) ordered by c) helped by d) intruded on
8. a) and b) but c) therefore d) however
9. a) portions b) parts c) sections d kinds
10. a) try b) tries c) seem d) seems
11. a) things b) parts c) cells d) actions
12. a) awaken b) wake c) awake d) wake-up
13. a) how b) why c) where d) what
14. a) we b) it c) they d) you
15. a) so b) with c) such d) if

keys: cabcb aabbd caabc

Á·Ï°9£º

¡¡up until about 100 years ago, newspapers in the united states appealed only to the most serious readers. they used __1__ illustrations and the articles were about politics or business.
¡¡¡¡two men changed that - joseph pulitzer __2__ the new york world and william randolph hearst of the new york journal. pulitzer bought the new york world __3__ 1883. he changed it from a traditional newspaper into a very__4__ one overnight. he added __5__ illustrations and cartoons. and he told his reporters to write articles on __6__ crime or scandal they could find. and they did. one of them even pretended she was crazy and then she __7__ to a mental hospital. she then wrote a series of articles about the poor treatment of __8__ in those hospitals.
¡¡¡¡in 1895, hearst came to new york from __9__ california. he wanted the journal to be more sensational and more exciting __10__ the world. he also wanted it to be __11__, so he reduced the price by a penny. hearst attracted attention because his headlines were bigger than__12__. he often said, "big print makes big news."
¡¡¡¡pulitzer and hearst did anything they __13__ to sell newspapers. for example, hearst sent frederic remington, the famous illustrator, __14__ pictures of the spanish-american war. when he got there, he told hearst that no fighting was__15__. hearst answered, "you furnish the pictures. i¡¯ll furnish the war."
exercise:
1. a) no b) many c) a lot d) little
2. a) on b) for c) in d)of
3. a) on b) in c) at d) about
4. a) excite b) excitingly c)exciting d) excited
5. a) a lot b) few c) a few d) lots of
6. a) every b) all c) both d) many
7. a) admitted b) was admitted c) could admit d) has admitted
8. a) patients b) patience c) patient d) patiences
9. a) an b) the c) a d) /
10. a) than b) as c) in d) for
11. a) cheap b) cheaper c) cheapest d) the cheapest
12. a) anyone b) anyone¡¯s c) anyone else d) anyone else¡¯s
13. a) may b) might c) can d) could
14. a) draw b) drew c) to dray d) drawn
15. a) going b) going out c) going on d) going off

key: adbcdabadabddcc

Á·Ï°10£º

shopping for clothes

¡¡¡¡shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman. a man goes shopping because he needs something. his purpose is settled and decided in __1__. he knows what he wants, and his __2__ is to find it and buy it. all men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for what they want. if the shop has it in stock, the deal can be and often is completed in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat and to everyone¡¯s __3__.
¡¡¡¡for a man, slight problems may begin when the shop does not have what he wants. in that __4__ the salesman tries to sell the customer something else - he offers the nearest to the article required. good salesman brings out such a substitute with __5__: "i know this jacket is not the style you want, sir, but would you like to try it for size. it __6__ to be the colour you mentioned." few men have __7__ with this treatment, and the usual response is: "this is the right colour and may be the right size, but i should be __8__ my time and yours by trying it on."
¡¡¡¡for a woman, buying clothes is always done in the __9__ way. her shopping is not often __10__ on need. she has never fully decided what she wants, and she is only "having a look round". she is always open to persuasion, willing to try __11__ any number of things. uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding something that __12__ thinks suits her. most women have an excellent sense of value and are always on the look-out for the unexpected __13__. faced with a roomful of dresses, a woman nay easily spend an hour going from one rail to another __14__ selecting the dresses she wants to try on. it is a tiresome process, but apparently a(n) __15__one. most dress shops provide chairs for the waiting husbands.
exercise:
1. a) detail b) advance c) hurry d) full
2. a) objective b) need c) dream d) reason
3. a) sadness b) amusement c) surprise d) satisfaction
4. a) time b) event c) case d) situation
5. a) care b) skill c) attention d) interest
6. a) happens b) is c) changes d) comes
7. a) experience b) is c) interest d) patience
8. a) losing b) wasting c) spending d) giving
9. a) same b) similar c) opposite d) clever
10. a) relied b) done c) related d) based
11. a) on b) with c) by d) people
12. a) nobody b) someone c) surprise d) everyone
13. a) deal b) bargain c) surprise d) people
14. a) before b) after c) as d) by
15. a) exhausting b) boring c) enjoyable d) graceful

key: badcbadbcdadbac

Á·Ï°11£º

the central problem of economics is to satisfy the people¡¯s and nation¡¯s wants.
¡¡¡¡the problem we are faced with is that our resources, here identified as money, are __1__. the only way we can resolve our problem is to make choices. after looking at our resources, we must examine our list of __2__ and identify the things we need immediately, those we can postpone, and __3__ we cannot afford. as individuals, we face the central problem involved in economics-deciding just how to allocate our limited our limited resources to provide __4__ with the greatest satisfaction of our wants.
¡¡¡¡nations face the same problem. as a country¡¯s population ___5__, the need for more goods and services grows correspondingly. resources necessary to production may increase, but there __6__ are enough resources to satisfy the total desires of a nation. whether the budget meeting is taking place in the family living room, in the conference room of the corporation __7__ of directors, or in the chamber of the house of representatives in washington, the basic problem still exists. we need to find __8__ of allocating limited resources in order to satisfy unlimited wants.
¡¡¡¡a short time ago economists divided goods into two categories, free and economic. the former, like air and water, were in __9__ abundance that economists had no concern for them. after all, economics is the __10__ of scarcity and what to do about it. today many of these "free goods" are __11__ very expensive to use. pollution has made clean air and water expensive for producers¡¯ extra costs, and __12__ taxpayers who pay for the government¡¯s involvement in cleaning the environment.
¡¡¡¡in the 1990s, almost all goods are __13__. only by effort and money __14__ obtained in the form people wish.
¡¡¡¡meeting needs of people and the demands from resource available __15__ the basic activity of production. in trying to meet unlimited wants from limited economic goods, production leads to new problems in economics.
exercise:
1. a) limited b) unlimited c) scarcity d) abundant
2. a) want b) problem c) wants d) resources
3. a) those b) some c) others d) many
4. a) them b) themselves c) ourselves d) ours
5. a) expand b) extends c) grows d) increase
6. a) always b) sometimes c) often d) never
7. a) management b) function c) board d) group
8. a) people b) economists c ) way d) methods
9. a) so b) great c) such d) such an
10. a) form b) study c) means d) source
11. a) practically b) in practice c)in reality d) practicably
12. a) the b) / c) for d) with
13. a) plentiful b) scarce c) abundant d) in full supply
14. a) they can be b) can they be c) they must be d) must they be
15. a) are led to b) leads c) lead to d) leads to
key:
a c a c c d c d c b c c b b d

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