exercise 14
　　i __1_ by myself in my usual compartment for at least 10 minutes,waiting __2_.the train never seemed to start on time and i often thought that i could have __3_ in bed a little longer,or had another cup of tea before _4__. suddenly i heard someone __5_ on the platform outside.a young girl _6__ towards the train.the man on duty put out his hand __7_ but she ran past him and opened the door of my compartment.then the whistle blew and the train started.
　　"i nearly missed it,__8_?"the girl said."how long does it take to _9__ london?"
　　"it depends on the engine driver."i said ,"some day it’s much slower than others."
　　"i’ll have to __10_ so as not to be late again tomorrow,"she said."_11__ my first day at work with a new firm today and they told me that the man _12__ is very strict.i __13_ him yet so i don’t know __14_ but he sounds a bit frightening."
　　she talked about the new job on the way to london and before long,i realized that she _15__ for my firm.i _16__ in the firm for nearly 20 years.our boss was really a very strict man.my own secretary _17__ so i must be her new boss._18__ fair to her.
　　"oh,dear,"she said."what a terrible mistake!i wish i _19__."
　　"never mind,"i said."at least you’ll know when you train’s late_20__."
　　1) a have been sitting b had been sitting c sit d am sitting
　　2) a for the train to start b the train starting c the train start d for the train starting
　　3) a lain b laid c lied d lay
　　4) a i have left the home b i leave from home c leaving home d to leave home
　　5) a shouting b shouted c was shouting d be shouting
　　6) a running b runs c is running d was running
　　7) a stop her b stops her c and stopped her d to stop her
　　8) a haven’t i b wasn’t i c don’t i d didn’t i
　　9) a get to b reach to c arrive to d make to
　　10) a mend me the watch b mend me my watch c have my watch mended d have mended my watch
　　11) a there was b there is c it is d it was
　　12) a i am going to work for b what i am going to work for
　　c for which i am going to work d which i am going to work for
　　13) a did not meet b haven’t met c didn’t know d haven’t known
　　14) a what he is like b what is he like c how he is d how is he
　　15) a had been working b will go to work c is going to work d was going to working
　　16) a had been working b have been working c worked d have worked
　　17) a was left b leaves c had left d have left
　　18) a there was b that was c it was d was
　　19) a know b knew c have known d had known
　　20) a so will the time be b the mine will be,too c so will mine d mine will be,too
　　baaca　dddac 　cabad　accdc

　　exercise 15
　　glass is everywhere in our lives.it is so common __1_ we hardly think about it.we _2__ it when we look out of the window and if we wear glasses.we drink from it and sometimes eat from it.the light in our homes comes through glass windows in the daytime and from glass lights _3__.glass __4_ in homes,schools,businesss,industry,and automobiles.
　　fortunately for us,glass is __5_ very inexpensive materials.the main material is sand from quatz rock.the mixture is heated until it becomes a syrupy _6__. when the liquid cools,it becomes glass.
　　no one knows __7_ first discovered glass or how.early humans used obsidian,a natural glass __8_ by volcanoes,to make tools and jewelry.people probably began making glass themselves around 3000 b.c. in syria.then in a war __9_ egypt and syria in 1400 b.c,syria became part of egypt.the egyptians took syrian glassmakers __10_ to egypt,and over the centuries the entire eastern mediterranean area became a glassmaking center.
　　probably around 300 b.c. the blowpipe __11_. egyptian glassmakers developed the use of the blowpipe.they specialized _12__ beautiful jewelry,dishes,and other containers.
　　the romans soon started making their own glass.then they _13__ that glass could be used to make windows.__14_ centuries later,europeans made magnificent church windows __15_ colored glass.
　　__16_ 1900 companies have developed many new types of glass.safety glass is a sandwich of glass and plastic.if it breaks,the pieces stay together _17__ flying in all directions.this invention is very useful _18__ automobile windows.
　　today most glass is made __19_ machines in large factories.no one _20__ it. people use television and computers to control the machines.
　　1) a that b which c where d as
　　2) a look for b look in c look after d look through
　　3) a in night b at night c for night d with noght
　　4) a was used b used c is used d are used
　　5) a made from b made of c make from d make of
　　6) a solid b the solid c the liquid d liquid
　　7) a whom b whoever c who d whose
　　8) a was from b formed c was formed d was forming
　　9) a between b among c beneath d both
　　10) a from b go c back d come
　　11) a was discovered b was invented c discovered d invented
　　12) a in b on c for d from
　　13) a knew b recognized c told d realized
　　14) a few b little c a few d a little
　　15) a from b to c into d on
　　16) a because b as c for d since
　　17) a instead b take place of c instead of d replace
　　18) a on b onto c into d in
　　19) a into b for c by d from
　　20) a smells b touches c sees d feels
　　adbca dcbac badca dcdcb

　　exercise 16
　　from the very beginning,water has furnished man with a source of food and a highway to travel.the first civilizations arose __1_ water was dominant element in the environment,a challenge__2_ man’s ingenuity.the egyptians invented the 365-day calendar __3_ the nile’s annual flooding.the babylonians,_4__ were among the most famous law-makers in ancient times,invented laws_5__ water usage.water inspired the chinese to build a 1000__6_ canal,a complex system __7_,after 2500 years,remains partically __8_ and still commands the astonishment of engineers.but _9__ never found complete solutions_10__ their water problem .the yellow river is also known _11__ "china’s sorrow".it is so unpredictable and dangerous __12_ in a single flood it has caused a million _13__.floods slowed the great _14__ of the indus river valleys,and innumerable damage ruined _15__ of its land.today,water dominates man _16__ it always has done.its presence continues to __17_ the location of his homes and cities;its violent variability can _18__ man or his herds or his crops;its routes links him __19_ his fellows;its immense value may __20_ to already dangerous political conflicts.there are many examples of this in our own time.
　　1) a where b the place c when d in the place
　　2) a with b as c to d on
　　3) a in regard to b in response to c in case d in spite of
　　4) a they b / c that d who
　　5) a regulates b regulate c regulated d regulating
　　6) a miles b mile c mile’s d miles’
　　7) a who b in which c which d by which
　　8) a in use b for use c by use d on use
　　9) a ancient b the ancients c ancients d ancients people
　　10) a for b of c to d on
　　11) a for b by c to d as
　　12) a that b which c because d as
　　13) a people b deaths c damages d ruins
　　14) a influence b effect c society d civilization
　　15) a many b lot c much d a lots
　　16) a for b as c because d whereas
　　17) a effect b control c lead d influence
　　18) a cause b violate c kill d damage
　　19) a by b on c at d to
　　20) a increase b add c solve d intensify
　　acbdd dcabc dabdc bdcdb

　　exercise 17
　　according to government statistics,men of all social calsses in britain visit pubs quite often,_1__ the kind of pub they go to may be different and their reasons for going there __2_,too.at present,they often take their wives or girlfriends,which _3__ to be the case.
　　the fact is that the typical english pub is changing,not only __4_ the licensing laws not being so strict as they __5_,but also because publicans are trying to _6__ away with the old victorian _7__ of the pub and _8__ provide couples with an atmosphere where they can both feel happy.pubs used not to open __9_ at certain time.the result was that they were usually _10__ with men who seemed to be drinking as much as possible in the time_11__.but the kind of pub is quickly becoming a thing of the past.
　　curiously enough,the old british licensing laws,which foreigners found so objectionable and absurd ,were_12___introduced as a_13___measure to stop workers drinking in the world war i.__14___,the strong puritanical _15__in parliament took_16__of the law and_17__it.
　　opening hours are _18__ limited to eight hours a day,but publicans can now choose which hours _19__ them best.and nowadays you can even get a cup of coffee if you prefer __20_ beer.but in spite of this the puritans would never dream of admitting that a pub could become a repeatable place.
　　1) a and b though c when d as
　　2) a disagree b diverge c vary d deviate
　　3) a used not b not used c used d is used
　　4) a because b because of c as d in that
　　5) a were b are c used d had been
　　6) a take b do c keep d go
　　7) a sight b image c appearance d perception
　　8) a then b instead c further d still
　　9) a except b except for c only d only for
　　10) a covered b crowed c full d plenty
　　11) a available b proper c probable d accessible
　　12) a ordinarily b generally c originally d formely
　　13) a perpetual b temporary c uniform d temperate
　　14) a nevertheless b however c afterward d furthermore
　　15) a factor b element c component d atom
　　16) a advantage b profit c use d charge
　　17) a retained b contained c maintained d protected
　　18) a even b just c but d still
　　19) a suit b match c meet d agree
　　20) a against b for c with d to
　　bcaba bbbab acbcb aadad

　exercise 18
　　each company has many "public" who would be able not only to recognize its name __1_ to correctly identify its industry and its _2__.these publics include present customers and stockholders as well as banks,insurance companies,stockbrokers,and securities __3_ who supply the company with essential services and capital.
　　the _4__ names of many well-established companies can be one of misinformation,thereby _5__ communication with them. this was the problem that faced michigan seamless tube company---a company with sales of 128 million a year. at first__6_,the company’s name tell us that it is located in michigan _7__ that it manifactures seamless tubing.what the name does not __8_ to most people is the fact michigan seamless tube also has operations in five __9_ states and has a varied production line of forgings,broaching machines,tools,ans steel bars in addition to seamless tubing.the problem was __10_ by the company’s _11__ ,which operated _12__ their own names and were not clearly identified with the _13__ company.
　　customers,suppliers,and the financial community did not see michigan aeamless tube as a _14__ based metal producer.they perceived it only as a small,_15__,regional manufacturing company.the company’s __16_ decided to adopt a new corporate identity.
　　the _17__ point for this change was the company name. the new name had to be one that could encompass all of the company’s products and subsidiaries, a name that would correctly project the image of a _18__ corporation.after considering many different possibilities,management decided on a __19_ word:quanex--- a name _20__ from a combination of the first three letters of the word "quality" and the first three letters of the latin word "nex",which means connection.
　　1) a and b but c however d either
　　2) a production b product c producing d by-product
　　3) a analytical b analyst c analysis d analysts
　　4) a business b co-operation c incorporation d corporate
　　5) a limiting b limits c limit d limited
　　6) a glance b view c watch d consideration
　　7) a and b but c so d however
　　8) a pass b transfer c convey d transmit
　　9) a else b others c other d rest
　　10) a decreased b increasingly c increased d compounded
　　11) a headquarters b plants c agents d subsidiaries
　　12) a in b under c with d have
　　13) a parent b mother c head office d original
　　14) a broadly b sizebly c competitively d largely
　　15) a specialized b special c specialty d specialization
　　16) a managements b managerial c managers d management
　　17) a first b start c begin d starting
　　18) a diversification b dicersifying c diversify d diversified
　　19) a created bcoined c made d imagined
　　20) a resulted b compounded c derived d changed
　　bbdda aaccd dbaaa dddbc