(九)构词法
1.概念及种类:
英语单词的构成有一定的规律,这些规律叫构词法。主要有四种:合成、转化、派生和缩略。常见的是前三种。见下图。
|
种类 |
构成方法 |
例词 |
|
合成 |
由两个或两个以上的词合成为一个词 |
classroom,newspaper,blackboard
schoolmate,newly-born,hard-working |
|
转化 |
由一词类转化为另一词类 |
taste,answer,back,hand,empty |
|
派生 |
在词根上加前缀或后缀 |
care,careful,carefully
careless carelessness carelessly |
2.高中阶段主要构词方法归纳:派生法和合成法
(1)派生法
①常用前缀
|
表“否定” |
un- |
unfair unable unlikely |
|
in- |
impossible incapable |
|
dis- |
discover disagree dislike dishonest |
|
表“重复” |
re- |
rewrite retell repeat reconsider |
②常用后缀
类型 |
加法 |
后缀意义 |
例词 |
|
名
词
后
缀 |
-er/or
-tion
-ese
-ist
-ing
-ment
-ness
-ian |
“动作的执行者”
变成了名词
“…地方的人”
“人”
名词化
名词化
变为名词
变为“…的人” |
teacher visitor inventor
organization congratulation invention
chinese japanese
pianist scientist violinist
living greeting wedding
movement treatment
happiness illness sickness carelessness
australian |
|
动
词
后
缀 |
-ify
-ice
-ise
-en |
使…变… |
beautify
realise organise
sacrifice
lengthen strengthen |
|
形
容
词
后
缀 |
-able
-ful
-y
-ive
-al
-an |
可…的,能…的
充满…的
带有…的
有…特征的
属于…的
…的 |
suitable comfortable movable
beautiful careful useful
sunny,windy,cloudy,snowy,sleepy,salty
active,instructive
musical medical physical
american european australian |
|
-ly |
副词后缀 |
carefully really certainly |
|
数
词
后
缀 |
-teen |
表“十三至十九” |
fourteen fifteen nineteen |
|
-ty |
表“二十、三十…七十” |
forty sixty eighty |
|
-th |
表“第几” |
fourth sixtieth ninth |
(2)合成法:
police+man=policeman play+ground=playground
birth+day=birthday after+noon=afternoon
hand+bag=handbag every+where=everywhere
bed+room=bedroom no+where=nowhere
hand+writing=handwriting any+where=anywhere
grand+parent=grandparent how+ever=however
what+ever=whatever